D-Calcium Pantothenate, the biologically active form of calcium pantothenate, is produced through a combination of chemical and biochemical processes. The industrial synthesis of pantothenic acid, the core component of D-Calcium Pantothenate, begins with the aldol condensation of isobutyraldehyde and formaldehyde to produce hydroxypivaldehyde. This intermediate is then converted into its cyanohydrin derivative, which is subsequently cyclized to form racemic pantolactone. To obtain the biologically active D-form, the racemic pantolactone undergoes resolution using a chiral agent such as quinine. Following this resolution, the resulting D-pantolactone is treated with the calcium or sodium salt of β-alanine to form D-pantothenic acid[1].
The D-pantothenic acid is then combined with calcium to produce D-Calcium Pantothenate. This form is chemically more stable and has a longer shelf life compared to other forms of pantothenic acid, making it the preferred choice for dietary supplements and food fortification. The D-Calcium Pantothenate is the naturally occurring and bioactive form that the body can effectively utilize, particularly in the synthesis of coenzyme A and other essential metabolic processes[2][1].
D-Calcium Pantothenate, a form of Vitamin B5, is generally considered safe for human consumption. When taken orally, it is likely safe for most people, with recommended daily intakes of 5 mg for adults, and slightly higher amounts during pregnancy and breastfeeding[1]. Larger doses, up to 1 gram per day, are also considered safe, although they may increase the risk of side effects such as diarrhea. The substance does not exhibit significant acute toxicity; it is virtually nontoxic by ingestion and inhalation, with high LD50 and LC50 values indicating low toxicity[2]. It does not cause skin or eye irritation and has no sensitizing effects, making it suitable for inclusion in food and beverages without significant health risks.
D-Calcium Pantothenate can be subject to various contamination risks. Heavy metal contamination is a concern, as the substance must adhere to strict limits for impurities such as arsenic and lead. For example, the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC) specifies that D-Calcium Pantothenate should have no more than 2 mg/kg (2 ppm) of lead and 3 mg/kg (3 ppm) of arsenic[3]. Additionally, there are potential risks associated with the production process, including the use of solvents like methanol and dichloromethane, which could leave residues if not properly managed. However, these risks are mitigated by stringent purity standards and testing protocols. Pathogen risks are less commonly associated with D-Calcium Pantothenate, as it is typically produced through chemical synthesis or fermentation processes that are controlled to minimize biological contamination. Nonetheless, adherence to good manufacturing practices (GMPs) is crucial to ensure the product remains free from pathogens and other contaminants.
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